Abstract
Purpose Published cross-sectional studies have revealed that chemotherapy for breast cancer is associated with significant cognitive impairments. However, because these studies included no baseline assessment, it is unknown whether the cognitive impairments were pre-existent to cancer treatment or truly secondary to chemotherapy. To resolve this issue, this prospective study aimed to compare the effects of chemotherapy to the effect of radiotherapy on cognitive functioning in women treated for non-metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods A total of 81 breast cancer patients, 41 receiving chemotherapy as part of their breast cancer treatment regimen and 40 receiving radiotherapy without chemotherapy were evaluated using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests at baseline (ie, pre-chemotherapy or pre-radiotherapy), post-treatment (ie, post-chemotherapy or post-radiotherapy) and at a 3-month follow-up assessment. Results A mixed model covariance analysis revealed that receiving any kind of breast cancer treatment, with chemotherapy or not, was associated with impaired capacities for recruiting information in verbal memory. Moreover, the results showed that verbal fluency was impaired after breast cancer treatment, but only in patients who received chemotherapy. Conclusion Overall, this study reveals subtle cognitive impairments associated with breast cancer treatment. Specifically, it suggests that chemotherapy has a specific negative effect on verbal fluency, that breast cancer treatment in general negatively affects verbal memory, but that other cognitive functions are well preserved. Future studies should, however, attempt to better control the practice effect that may have masked other subtle alterations and use more ecologically valid measures of cognitive functioning.
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Notes
Age; education; family income; marital status; adjuvant and replacement hormone therapy; body mass index; menopausal status; medication use; cancer stage; type of surgery; number of radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments; type of chemotherapy, type of node resection; number of days between surgery or last treatment and assessments; estimate of verbal and non-verbal IQ; scores obtained on the CFQ, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Insomnia Severity Index, and vasomotor scale of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire.
CFT immediate recall; RAVLT free delayed recall; TMT B; SDMT written condition; DSB; VMSF; VFT; 2 & 7 automatic processes; and 2 & 7 controlled processes. These 9 variables were selected in order to ensure the representativeness of the various cognitive functions assessed and by choosing only one variable for each construct (e.g., verbal memory) to avoid the over-representation of some constructs.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported partly by personnel research awards from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ) and the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et l’aide à la recherche (FRSQ-FCAR-Santé) held by the first author, a research grant from the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation and CIHR and FRSQ scientist awards held by the second author.
We sincerely thank Aude Caplette-Gingras, Lucie Casault, Catherine Gonthier, Marie-Hélène Savard, Benoît Senécal and Sébastien Simard for their important contribution to this project.
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An invited commentary to this article can be found at 10.1007/s10549-008-0211-2.
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0208-x.
Results of this study were reported in part at the 8th World Congress of Psycho-Oncology, Venice, Italy, October 2006; the 21st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Psycho-Oncology, Montréal, Québec, Canada, May 2006; and the 28th Annual meeting of the Société québécoise pour la recherche en psychologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada, May 2006.
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0211-2
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Quesnel, C., Savard, J. & Ivers, H. Cognitive impairments associated with breast cancer treatments: results from a longitudinal study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 116, 113–123 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0114-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0114-2