Characteristics of studies included in systematic review
| First author | Year | Country | Time | Setting | Specialty | Respondent(s) | Patients | Patient age(years) | Male patients (%) |
| Mahes A. | 2023 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Unselected | Physicians | 301 | 74.7±8.2 | 67.1 |
| Lin C.A. | 2023 | Brazil | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | General medicine | Physicians | 840 | 60.9±14.9 | 31.9 |
| Um Y.W. | 2023 | South Korea | 30-days | Emergency department | Unselected | Physicians | 300 | 70.5 (59.3–81.8) | 54 |
| DogbeyD.M. | 2022 | South Africa | 6 months | Inpatient | Oncology | Physicians | 43 | 58 (45–68) | 35 |
| Kim S.H. | 2022 | South Korea | 7 days21-days42-days | Inpatient | Oncology | Physicians | 130 | 66.0±12.2 | 50.8 |
| Maes H. | 2022 | Belgium | 1 year | Hospital inpatient | UnselectedCardiology | Physicians | 381 | Not reported | 81.4 |
| Gaffney L. | 2022 | Ireland | 1 year | Emergency department | Unselected | Physicians | 191 | 79 (74–83) | 45 |
| Ikari T. | 2021 | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | 1 day | Inpatient | Oncology | Physicians | 1411 | 72.6±12.2 | 50.7 |
| Ikari T. | 2021 | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | 3 days | Inpatient | Oncology | Physicians | 1411 | 72.6±12.2 | 50.7 |
| Moor C.C. | 2021 | Netherlands | 1 year | Outpatient | Respiratory | PhysiciansSpecialist nurses | 140 | 74.0±6.5 | 87.1 |
| Gonzalez- Jaramillo V. | 2021 | Colombia | 1 year | Outpatient | Cardiology | Physicians | 174 | 70 (58–77) | 55.2 |
| Tripp D. | 2021 | USA | 30 days1-year | Inpatient | Respiratory | PhysiciansAdvanced practice providers | 428 | Not reported | 49.1 |
| ErmersD.J.M. | 2021 | Netherlands | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Oncology | PhysiciansTrainee physicians | 379 | 59.4±15 | 55.7 |
| Yarnell C. | 2021 | Canada | 1 year | Hospital inpatient | General medicine | PhysiciansTrainee physicians | 417 | 75 (60–85) | 52.0 |
| Ros M.M. | 2021 | Netherlands | 2 days10-days1-year | Intensive care unit | Unselected | Physicians | 3140 | 63.5±16.6 | 57.1 |
| Flierman I. | 2020 | Netherlands | 1 year | Inpatient | Unselected | Nurses | 234 | 81.2±6.6 | 48.4 |
| Van WijmenM.P.S. | 2020 | Netherlands | 1 year | Primary care | Unselected | Physicians | 57 | Not reported | 28.4 |
| Ramer S.J. | 2020 | USA | 2 years | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | PhysiciansAdvanced practitioners | 377 | 72 (66–78) | 49 |
| Lai C.-F. | 2020 | Taiwan | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Nurses | 401 | 56.2±14 | 49.9 |
| Rauh L.A. | 2020 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Oncology | PhysicianNurseAdvanced practice providers | 358 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Yen Y.-F. | 2020 | Taiwan | 1 year | Hospital inpatient | Unselected | Nurses | 21 098 | 62.8±19.0 | 53.2 |
| Ouchi K. | 2019 | USA | 30-days | Emergency department | Unselected | Physicians | 10 737 | 75.9±8.8 | 48.5 |
| Verhoef M.J. | 2019 | Netherlands | 1 year | Emergency department | Oncology | Physicians | 245 | 62 (45–79) | 48 |
| AaronsonE.L. | 2019 | USA | 1 year | Emergency department | Cardiology | Physicians | 193 | 74.5±12.6 | |
| SchmidtR.J. | 2019 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | PhysiciansTrainee physiciansNurse practitioners | 749 | 69.3±14.6 | 50.9 |
| Lakin J.R. | 2019 | USA | 2 years | Primary care | Primary care | PhysiciansNurses | 2611 | Not reported | 40.9 |
| VeldhovenC.M.M. | 2019 | Netherlands | 1 year | Primary care | Unselected | Physicians | 292 | 84±5.5 | 40.1 |
| Haydar S.A. | 2019 | USA | 30-days | Emergency department | Unselected | Physicians | 6122 | 66 (51–79) | 51.7 |
| Straw S. | 2019 | UK | 1 year | Hospital inpatient | Cardiology | PhysiciansTrainee-physiciansNursesNurse practitioners | 129 | 71±14 | 64 |
| Rice J. | 2018 | Canada | 3 months | Nursing home | Unselected | Physicians | 301 | 85.9±9.0 | 67.8 |
| 6 months | NursesSupport workers | ||||||||
| Burke K. | 2018 | UK | 90 days1-year | Hospice | Paediatric | Physicians Nurses Administrators | 327 | 7.6±5.3 | 56.6 |
| Ouchi K. | 2018 | USA | 1 year | Emergency department | Unselected | Physicians | 207 | 75±7.5 | 51.2 |
| Liyanage T. | 2018 | Australia | 1 year | Nursing home | Unselected | Nurses | 187 | 82.4±9.1 | 44.4 |
| MitchellG.K. | 2018 | Australia | 1 year | Primary care | Unselected | Physicians | 4365 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Ebke M. | 2018 | Germany | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Neurorehabilitation | Physicians | 236 | 63±14 | 57.7 |
| Mudge A.M. | 2018 | Australia | 1 year | Hospital inpatient | Unselected | PhysiciansNurses | 100 | 60.2±18.9 | 53.8 |
| GuliniJ.E.H.M.B. | 2018 | Brazil | 1 day | Intensive care unit | Unselected | Physicians | 170 | 57±15.6 | 51.2 |
| Salat H. | 2017 | USA | 1.9 years | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physician | 488 | 71 (65–77) | 49 |
| Malhotra R. | 2017 | USA | 6 months1-year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physician | 215 | Not reported | 55 |
| Hadique S. | 2017 | USA | 6 months | Intensive care unit | Unselected | Physician | 1043 | Not reported | 53.7 |
| Gomez- Batiste X. | 2017 | Spain | 1 year2-years | Primary care Hospital outpatient Intermediate care centre Nursing home | Unselected | Physician/nurse | 1059 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Javier A.D. | 2017 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | PhysiciansTrainee physiciansNurse practitioners | 388 | 71 (65–77) | 49.7 |
| Amro O.W. | 2016 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physicians | 201 | 66 | 52.2 |
| Lakin J.R. | 2016 | USA | 1 year | Primary care | Unselected | Physicians | 1737 | 65 | 39.7 |
| Carmen J. | 2016 | Spain | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physicians | 49 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Hamano J. | 2015 | Japan | 7 days30-days | Hospital and community palliative care | Oncology | Physicians | 2361 | 69.1±12.8 | 57.5 |
| Feyi K. | 2015 | UK | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | PhysiciansNurses | 178 | 72 | 63.2 |
| Moroni M. | 2014 | Italy | 1 year | Primary care | Primary care/oncology | Physicians | 231 | 70.2 (SE 0.9) | 50.6 |
| O'CallaghanA. | 2014 | New Zealand | 6 months1-year | Hospital inpatient | Acute medicine | PhysiciansNurse practitioners | 501 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Da SilvaGane M. | 2013 | UK | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | PhysicianNurses | 3896 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Pang W.-F. | 2013 | China | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physicians | 367 | 60.2±12.3 | 55.9 |
| Haga K. | 2012 | UK | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Cardiology | Nurses | 138 | 77±10 | 66 |
| Fenning S. | 2012 | UK | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Cardiology | Physicians | 172 | 66±14 | 61 |
| Moss A.H. | 2010 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Oncology | Physicians | 826 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Cohen L.M. | 2010 | USA | 6 months | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physicians | 450 | Not reported | 56.7 |
| Moss A.H. | 2008 | USA | 1 year | Hospital outpatient | Nephrology | Physicians | 147 | 66.4±14.8 | 55.1 |
| Barnes S. | 2008 | UK | 1 year | Primary care | Cardiology | Physicians | 231 | 77 | 54.1 |
Age is displayed as mean±SD deviation or median (IQR) where available.