Baseline demographics of participants
| Control (n=29) | Choir (n=29) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 52 (13) | 62 (10) | 0.001* |
| Sex, % female | 89.7% | 86.2% | >0.99‡ |
| Ethnicity, % White British | 79.3% | 86.2% | 0.73‡ |
| Income, % | 0.15‡ | ||
| <£16 000 | 10.7% | 30.8% | |
| £16 000–£30 000 | 25.0% | 34.6% | |
| £31 000–£60 000 | 42.9% | 26.9% | |
| £61 000–£90 000 | 3.6% | 3.9% | |
| >£91 000 | 17.9% | 3.9% | |
| Employment status, % | <0.001‡ | ||
| Unemployed | 6.9% | 6.9% | |
| Voluntary | 10.3% | 13.8% | |
| Part-time work | 27.6% | 24.1% | |
| Full-time work | 48.3% | 6.9% | |
| Retired | 6.9% | 48.3% | |
| Currently having therapy, % | 13.8% | 6.9% | 0.67‡ |
| Pre-existing health condition, % | 58.6% | 24.1% | 0.01† |
| Previously sung in a choir, % | 55.2% | 27.6% | 0.033† |
| Confident in singing, % | 0.19‡ | ||
| 1—not at all | 13.8% | 31.0% | |
| 2 | 34.5% | 27.6% | |
| 3 | 31.0% | 37.9% | |
| 4 | 17.2% | 3.5% | |
| 5—very | 3.5% | 0% | |
| Attended a concert or performance in the past year, % | 69.0% | 48.3% | 0.11† |
| Took part in a music activity in the past year, % | 27.6% | 17.2% | 0.35† |
| Length of time since bereavement, % | 0.73‡ | ||
| 0–6 months | 20.7% | 17.2% | |
| 7–12 months | 20.7% | 34.5% | |
| 1–2 years | 13.8% | 13.8% | |
| 2–3 years | 34.5% | 31.0% | |
| 3–5 years | 10.3% | 3.5% | |
| Depression, mean (SD) | 4.83 (4.47) | 4.83 (2.85) | >0.99* |
| Anxiety, mean (SD) | 8.76 (4.82) | 7.79 (3.92) | 0.41* |
| Well-being, mean (SD) | 22.81 (4.79) | 22.46 (3.93) | 0.76* |
| Self-efficacy, mean (SD) | 18.14 (3.78) | 17.69 (2.58) | 0.60* |
| Self-esteem, mean (SD) | 3.24 (1.21) | 3.14 (0.83) | 0.71* |
*One-way analyses of variance.
†χ2 test.
‡Fisher’s exact test.