Table 2

Quality assessment by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational and Cross-sectional Studies

Author(s),
year
Item
1
Item 2Item
3
Item
4
Item
5
Item
6
Item 7Item
8
Item
9
Item 10Item 11Item 12Item 13Item 14Final quality
Cross-sectional studies (n=13)
Chen et al, 202138 YYNRYNYCDNAYNYNANANAFair
Cherwin and Perkhounkova, 201732 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Chongkham-ang et al, 201840 YYYYYYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Han et al, 201933 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Li et al, 201934 YYNRYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Matzka et al, 201842 YYNRYNYCDNAYNYNANANAFair
Papachristou et al, 201929 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Pozzar et al, 202135 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Ren et al, 201739 YYYYNCDCDNAYNYNANANAFair
Sezgin and Bektas, 202043 YYNRYYYCDNAYNYNANANAFair
Sullivan et al, 201736 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Vuttanon et al, 201941 YYYYYYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Wong et al, 201737 YYYYNYYNAYNYNANANAGood
Longitudinal studies (n=10)
Albusoul et al, 201745 YYYYYYYNAYYYNAYNAGood
Berger et al, 202046 YYYYYYYNAYYYNAYNAGood
Browall et al, 201751 YYYYNYYNAYYYNANRNAGood
Han et al, 201933 YYYYNYYNAYYYNANRNAGood
Kim, 201854 YYNRYNYYNAYYYNAYNAGood
Li et al, 202048 YYNRYNYYNAYYYNANNAGood
Lin et al, 201953 YYYYNYYNAYYYNANNAGood
Russell et al, 201949 YYYYNYYNAYYYNANRNAGood
Sullivan et al, 201811 YYYYNYYNAYYYNANRNAGood
Wiggenraad et al, 202052 YYYYYYYNAYYYNANNAGood
  • Study methodological quality ratings: good, fair and poor.

  • NHLBI of the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational and Cross-Sectional Studies Criteria: item 1 (clear research question); item 2 (define study population); item 3 (participation rate at least 50%); item 4 (uniform eligibility criteria); item 5 (sample size justification); item 6 (exposure assessed prior to outcome measurement); item 7 (sufficient timeframe to see an effect); item 8 (examine different levels of exposure); item 9 (clearly defined exposure measures); item 10 (exposure assessed more than once over time); item 11 (clearly defined outcome measures); item 12 (outcome assessors were blinded to exposure status of participants); item 13 (loss to follow-up less than 20%); item 14 (key confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically)

  • CD, cannot determine; NA, not applicable; n, no; NR, not reported; Y, yes.