Table 3

Associations between patient and centre characteristics with the average total scores across the six Initiative for Paediatric Palliative Care domains

	N	%	Total score all domains, %
	N	%	Mean (SD)	P value*	Adjusted p value*
Patient characteristics
Age
Newborn (0–1 month)	34	6.8	51.3 (22.6)	0.083	0.099
Infant (>1–12 months)	122	24.5	53.0 (17.7)	0.388	0.459
Preschool (>1–5 years)	150	30.1	52.2 (18.5)	Ref.	Ref.
School (>5–11 years)	103	20.7	47.4 (19.6)	0.942	0.650
Teen (>11–18 years)	89	17.9	52.9 (16.7)	0.259	0.228
Sex
Male	285	57.2	50.4 (19.1)	Ref.	Ref.
Female	213	42.8	52.8 (17.8)	0.878	0.744
Race
White	173	35.8	56.5 (20.7)	Ref.	Ref.
Asian	111	22.3	44.6 (16.1)	0.370	0.279
Black†	54	10.9	46.4 (20.1)	*0.045*	*0.047*
Indian	31	6.2	55.5 (4.8)	0.436	0.448
Mestiza	57	11.5	51.2 (20.1)	0.732	0.880
Middle-Eastern	67	13.5	52.1 (14.2)	0.819	0.650
Other	4	0.8	55.8 (4.4)	0.985	0.837
Days in paediatric intensive care unit
<30 days	427	85.7	51.6 (18.9)	Ref.
≥30 days	71	14.3	50.5 (16.3)	0.431
Comorbidities
Single Major Diagnostic Category	133	26.7	51.4 (18.8)	Ref.	Ref.
Multiple comorbidities	365	73.2	51.5 (18.5)	*0.017*	*0.018*
Centre characteristics
Number of ventilators
<1 per bed	238	47.8	49.6 (15.1)	Ref.
≥1 per bed	260	52.2	53.1 (21.2)	0.811
Resuscitation equipment
<0.5 per bed	360	72.3	50.3 (20.0)	Ref.
≥0.5 per bed	138	27.7	54.3 (13.8)	0.509
Per cent daily bed use
<80%	176	35.3	52.4 (22.2)	Ref.
≥80%	322	64.7	50.9 (16.3)	0.792
Beds per critical care doctor
<2 beds per doctor	319	68.5	50.5 (19.3)	Ref.
≥2 beds per doctor	147	31.6	51.6 (17.9)	0.884
Beds per nurse
<2 beds per nurse	245	54.8	54.0 (19.8)	Ref.
≥2 beds per nurse	202	45.2	47.6 (17.6)	0.212
Shift length
<8 hours	102	20.5	67.1 (13.7)	Ref.	Ref.
8–12 hours	241	48.4	53.4 (15.1)	0.079	0.056
13–18 hours	42	8.4	47.1 (22.5)	0.056	*0.052*
19–24 hours	20	4.0	35.6 (24.1)	*0.010*	*0.006*
Multiple	93	18.7	34.4 (8.76)	*0.001*	*<0.001*
P value for trend				*<0.001*	*<0.001*

Bold values are those found to be statistically significant (p-value < 0.05).
*P values were estimated using univariate and multivariable multilevel generalised linear models using centre as a clustering variable. The adjusted model included age, sex, race, comorbidities and shift length.
†After subanalysis of this variable, considering many children in the universe were of black ethnicities, we do not consider this finding significative.