Demographics and clinical characteristics
| All participants (n=25) | |
| Male, n (%) | 14 (56) |
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 75.7±9.2 |
| Married, n (%) | 15 (60) |
| Education, n (%) | |
| <Secondary School | 12 (48) |
| Some/completed Secondary School | 9 (36) |
| Some/completed university | 4 (16) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean±SD) | 27.1±4.8 |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | |
| II | 8 (32) |
| III | 16 (64) |
| IV | 1 (4) |
| Ejection fraction, % (mean±SD) | 39.2±14.8 |
| Type of ejection fraction, n (%) | |
| HFrEF | 10 (40) |
| HFmrEF and HRpEF | 15 (60) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (mean±SD) | 118.6±19.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (mean±SD) | 66.5±9.7 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) (mean±SD) | 129.7±46.8 |
| eGFR (mean±SD) | 59.9±29.3 |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 2, n (%) | 8 (32) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 8 (32) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 14 (56) |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 17 (68) |
| Myocardial infarction | 12 (48) |
| CABG | 12 (48) |
| PCI | 9 (36) |
| Major depression, n (%) | 5 (20) |
| Charlson comorbidity index (mean±SD) | 4.0±1.2 |
| Smoking (including previous smoker), n (%) | 18 (72) |
| Medication use, n (%) | |
| ACE-i/angiotensin receptor blockers | 20 (80) |
| Beta-blockers | 25 (100) |
| Digoxin/amiodarone/ivabradine | 13 (52) |
| Antidepressants and/or anxiolytics | 7 (38) |
| Pain medications | 10 (40) |
| CRT-D (ICD), n (%) | 12 (48) |
ACE-i, ACE inhibitor; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillator; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFrEF, heart failure reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure preserved ejection fraction; HRmrEF, heart failure mid-range ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.