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Abstract
Patients with a limited life expectancy use many medications, some of which may be questionable.
Objectives To identify possible solutions for difficulties concerning medication management and formulate recommendations to improve medication management at the end of life.
Methods A two-round Delphi study with experts in the field of medication management and end-of-life care (based on ranking in the citation index in Web of Science and relevant publications). We developed a questionnaire with 58 possible solutions for problems regarding medication management at the end of life that were identified in previously performed studies.
Results A total of 42 experts from 13 countries participated. Response rate in the first round was 93%, mean agreement between experts for all solutions was 87 % (range 62%–100%); additional suggestions were given by 51%. The response rate in the second round was 74%. Awareness, education and timely communication about medication management came forward as top priorities for guidelines. In addition, solutions considered crucial by many of the experts were development of a list of inappropriate medications at the end of life and incorporation of recommendations for end-of-life medication management in disease-specific guidelines.
Conclusions In this international Delphi study, experts reached a high level of consensus on recommendations to improve medication management in end-of-life care. These findings may contribute to the development of clinical practice guidelines for medication management in end-of-life care.
- palliative care
- end-of-life care
- medication therapy management
- drug utilization review
- delphi technique
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Introduction
Patients with a limited life expectancy often use many medications, including medication prescribed for long-term prevention and for the treatment of comorbidities.1–4 When the end of life approaches, all medications should be reconsidered taking into account their (potential) beneficial and adverse effects, burden of administration and their costs. Physicians, nurses, patients and their relatives agree that inappropriate medications should be discontinued at the end of life.5 However, deprescribing is a complex process, and in clinical practice, a medication review and timely discontinuation of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) is not self-evident.6
Recommendations have been formulated for (dis)continuing PIMs at the end of life, such as antihyperglycemic agents, antimicrobials, cholinesterase inhibitors and bisphosphonates.7 8 Several guidelines are available to support physicians with medication management in patients with life-limiting disease.9 10 However, significant barriers still impede adequate medication management. Physicians seem to have a limited awareness of the issue and report a variety of reasons for not considering withdrawal of PIMs, which include low priority, uncertainty about the consequences and avoiding confronting patients with their impending death.11 Apart from physician-related barriers, prominent barriers subsist on the level of the organisation of healthcare and in communication and collaboration between healthcare prioviders.12
To improve adequate medication management in patients with advanced disease, better interventions and evidence are needed.12 The perspectives on medication management and priorities in end-of-life care of patients, their relatives, nurses and physicians, their roles in decision making, organisational aspects and communication should be taken into account.5 The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise possible solutions for the key impediments and to formulate recommendations to improve medication management at the end of life. We consulted international experts in pharmacology and end-of-life care and performed a Delphi study.
Methods
This study was conducted within the MEDIcation management in the LAST phase of life (MEDILAST) project. MEDILAST is a multicentre mixed-methods research project with the objective of understanding current medication use in the last 3 months of life and the associated process of decision making and formulating recommendations to optimise medication management in end-of-life care. The project is carried out in a collaboration of VU University Medical Center, Erasmus University Medical Center and Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands.
Experts
A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among experts in the field of medication management and end-of-life care. Considering the scope of this Delphi procedure, we sought experts with a clear track record in palliative care and experts with a relevant background in medication management in care for the elderly. We aimed to include experts with different professional backgrounds in order to account for the multidisciplinary nature of palliative care. The selection of experts was based on ranking in the citation index in Web of Science (search: Palliative Care/Terminal Care/Hospice Care AND Medication/Drug Utilization/Inappropriate Prescribing/Drug Prescriptions/Polypharmacy) and relevant publications regarding medication management. In addition, experts from the Dutch multidisciplinary guideline on polypharmacy in elderly,13 palliative care practice guidelines14 and palliative care expertise centers15 in the Netherlands were invited to participate. We aimed for an expert panel of about 40 experts. We used purposive sampling to ensure diversity of background and nationality. Experts who did not respond received a reminder e-mail 4 weeks after sending the original invitation. In total, 76 experts were invited, until at least 40 participants had given their written consent.
Questionnaire and study design
From literature and previous studies in our MEDILAST project (medical record review, in-depth interviews and a questionnaire study), barriers for adequate medication management at the end of life were identified.5 11 16 Based on these findings, we formulated possible solutions addressing these barriers. The solutions were reviewed internally by our project group (that consists of a general practitioner (MD), internal medicine resident and clinical pharmacologist (EG), medical oncologist (LZ), anesthesiologist (BH), medical doctor-philosopher (WJM Dekkers) and two researchers in palliative care (AvdH and RP)) and pilot tested among colleagues, forming a list of statements or recommendations. These were divided in the seven domains that were identified in our interview study5: awareness and organisation (5 solutions), education (8), research and development (8), tools (2), roles (18), decision making (7) and communication (10) (see online supplementary appendix 1). Participants were provided with definitions of central concepts in this study (see box 1).
Supplemental material
Definitions of concepts used in the questionnaires
Medication management: patient-centred care to optimise safe, effective and appropriate use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs.
Medication review: an assessment of the pharmacotherapy based on a structural and critical evaluation of the medical, pharmaceutical and clinical information.
End of life: the last 3 months of life.
Patient and/or family: indicating the family especially when the patient is not mentally competent.
Palliative care specialist: physician or nurse specialist/practitioner with a formal training in palliative care medicine or equivalent expertise due to clinical experience. (added in round 2)
The Delphi study was performed in 2015. The first round questionnaire included 58 possible solutions. The experts were asked if they agreed or disagreed with the solutions, or they could tick ‘no answer’. Participants were asked to suggest modifications or additional solutions. Besides, experts were requested to answer eleven questions concerning their background.
The second round questionnaire was also reviewed within the project group. This questionnaire consisted of two parts. First, the list of solutions that resulted from round 1 was presented, including the items additionally suggested or adapted by the experts. The participants were then requested to give a top 10 ranking score of the solutions they considered most relevant to formulate guidelines for medication management in end-of-life care (most relevant as number 1; two for next most relevant and so on). Second, the solutions discarded in the first round were presented. Experts could indicate if they agreed with rejection of these solutions, or whether they considered them crucial for guidelines about medication management at the end of life.
The questionnaires were sent by electronic mail. Experts were asked to respond within 4 weeks for the first round and within 6 weeks for the second round. A reminder was sent in the case of non-response within the given time range.
Data processing
The data were processed using MS Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA). We defined the first round cut-off value for inclusion in the second round questionnaire as agreement of 75%. Based on the top 10 ranking score given in the second round, a priority score was calculated (10 points for the first, 9 points for the second and so on) for each solution to provide a ranked rating of the most important solutions as suggested by the experts.
Results
Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the Delphi process. In total, 76 experts were invited. Two invitations were returned by the recipient’s mail server as undeliverable, 8 experts were not available or on leave, 2 considered themselves not an expert in the field, 2 had no time, 2 refused because of a possible conflict of interest and 18 did not respond. Forty-two experts agreed to collaborate in our Delphi study.
Flow chart of the Delphi procedure.
Round 1
The response rate was 93% (39 out of 42). The respondents had a mean age of 53 years (range 35–59 years) and a mean working experience of 19 years (range 4–41 years). In addition, they originated from the Netherlands (n=19), Argentina (n=1), Australia (n=2), Brazil (n=1), Czech Republic (n=1), Germany (n=2), Israel (n=1), Italy (n=1), Northern Ireland (n=1), Norway (n=1), Slovenia (n=1), Sweden (n=2) and the USA (n=5). Of one expert, the nationality was unknown. Different specialties were represented: family medicine, nursing care, geriatrics, elderly care, cardiology, oncology, pulmonology, anesthesiology, neurology, psychiatry, pharmacy, pharmacology and palliative medicine. Moreover, ethicists, researchers and medical advisors participated. The mean level of agreement for 58 statements was 87.7% (median 89.7%, range 62%–100%, SD 9.2, IQR 10.3). ‘No answer’ was selected by a mean of 5.9% (range 0%–20.5%). Suggestions were given by 51.3% of the experts, ranging from new statements, general comments or experiences to adjustment of solutions or the vocabulary.
Because the degree of agreement was much higher than expected, we adjusted the cut-off value for selection of statements for the second round to the mean agreement found in this first round. Thirty-one solutions exceeded this new cut-off point (87.7%). For seven of these statements, the wording was slightly adapted based on suggestions of the participants. Based on the comments in the first round a definition of palliative care specialist was added in the second questionnaire (see box 1). Twenty-seven solutions were deleted in the second questionnaire and 12 additional solutions were presented (see online supplementary appendix 2).
Supplemental material
Round 2
The response rate in the second round was 74% (29 experts). One participant was on leave, one withdrew consent and eight experts did not respond. Only 2 out of 43 solutions were not included in the ranking by any of the experts. The scores calculated for the different solutions ranged from 5 to 133 (mean 36.8, median 28). The solutions with a score above the average are presented in table 1. The experts graded solutions concerning roles, awareness, education and communication as most important.
Top 15 solutions based on their ranking score (and their category)
Experts indicated that the physicians should primarily discuss the end of life and wishes, treatment goals and priorities regarding medication management at the end of life with the patient. Awareness is considered crucial: medication management should be an integral part of end-of-life care and be performed duly. Participants agree that this should be an individualised process, based on the patient’s clinical situation. Moreover, they agreed that palliative care specialists should be available for consultation.
Specific domains that should be addressed in the education of healthcare professionals were mentioned. Physicians should be trained in communication with patients and their family about medication management at the end of life. Furthermore, education in pharmacological treatment of symptoms at the end of life was considered necessary. Accordingly, education in medication management at the end of life should be part of healthcare professionals training, in residencies, fellowships, medical schools and in nursing schools. Besides, such education should also become available for healthcare professionals. The main concern regarding communication was that it should include conversations about the goals of end-of-life care in relation to quality of life.
Twenty-seven out of 29 experts selected one or more of the 27 solutions that were initially rejected in the first round. Solutions considered crucial for guidelines about medication management by more than one-third of the experts are presented in table 2.
First round solutions selected by more than one-third of experts not to be rejected
Participants most frequently prioritised solutions regarding research and development, awareness, education and roles. Specific suggestions for research and development included incorporation of recommendations for medication management at the end of life in disease-specific clinical practice guidelines and development of a list of medications that could be tapered or discontinued at the end of life. Regarding awareness, the experts stressed that physicians lacking experience with medication management at the end of life should consult a palliative care specialist. Explicit identification of the last phase of life was added as a focus for education for healthcare professionals. They stated that the primary treating physician is responsible for recording the medication management and for formulating an end-of-life care plan with the patient. For patients residing at home, the general practitioner is considered to be the primary treating physician. Nurses should have a supportive role by providing information, explanation and advice to the patient and relatives.
Discussion
This Delphi study shows that experts in palliative care and medication management from different professions in 13 countries agree on the most important issues concerning medication management at the end of life. Key solutions indicated by the experts concern the central role of the physician in medication management, necessity of awareness on medication management at the end of life, the need for education on medication management for healthcare workers and trainees and the importance of timely communication with the patient and family in the process of medication management.
Main findings
Physicians’ awareness of medication management
This Delphi study makes clear that, according to experts, the physician has a central role in medication management at the end of life. Two highly ranked solutions indicate that it is up to the physicians to discuss the medication and do this evaluation with patients in a timely manner. The urge for attention on a medication review and discussion with the patient is in line with several studies indicating the high prevalence of PIMs used by patients at the end of life.2 17 Physicians do affirm that patients at the end of life use too many medications and that they should not use PIMs,18 but apparently discontinuation of PIMs is still not standard practice. As Anderson et al discuss in their study, awareness on PIMs refers to the level of insight a prescriber has into the appropriateness of his or her prescribing. They found that poor insight was an observed rather than reported barrier and that prescriber beliefs at a population level did not necessarily translate to prescribing practices for the individual patient.19 Similar findings came forward in an interview study on views of patients, relatives, nurses and physicians on medication management at the end of life.5 Although all involved parties agreed that PIMs should be discontinued and that in this process physicians should take the lead, a medication review was generally not a matter of course. These findings, altogether with the five recommendations of the experts of this Delphi study regarding education, urgently call for education on medication management in end-of-life care.
Timely communication
Multiple factors are described in literature as deprescribing barriers explaining the discrepancy between the ideal situation and practice, like lack of time, established beliefs in the benefits and harms of medication use, unknown consequences of withdrawing medications and avoidance of negative consequences.5 20 Even more importantly, physicians need to recognise a limited life expectancy of their patient and initiate end-of-life conversations as a prerequisite for decision-making conversations.21 Hancock et al describe that many healthcare professionals express discomfort at having to broach the topic of a limited prognosis and may withhold information or not disclose prognosis. These difficulties perceived by healthcare professionals in regard of speaking to patients with limited life expectancy may act as a barrier towards discontinuing medication.2 Conforming to these barriers in communication, experts in our Delphi study stress the importance of communication with patients and/or their family about decision making on medication management at the end of life and the need for training of healthcare professionals specifically in communication concerning this topic.
Strengths and limitations
A strength of our study is the systematic and rigorous approach adopted in this Delphi procedure22 and the inclusion of views of experts from all over the world and coming from primary care, hospital and hospice care. The response was satisfactory, namely 93% in the first Delphi round and 74% for the second round.
There were some limitations. First, since half of the consulted experts were Dutch, solutions may have been biased towards those relevant for the healthcare system in the Netherlands. However, in both rounds of the Delphi study, there appeared to be a high degree of consensus among all experts. Although experts of different professions participated and the average length of working experience (19 years) suggests that our panel represents a broad and experienced group, it is not possible to determine if the panel is representative of the population of palliative care and medication management experts.
Second, a pre-Delphi survey or focus group might have contributed to prepare the first survey of our Delphi study to address the study aim. Third, the consensus for the first round was predefined as 75% agreement, a cut-off common according to acknowledged Delphi guidelines.23 The high degree of consensus in our study (87.7%) drove us to redefine the cut-off point. The exact limit could be a matter of discussion.
Finally, the definition of palliative care specialist (box 1) does not allow for specialist palliative care pharmacists or other healthcare professionals who have an integral role in medication management at end of life.
What this study adds
Before starting the MEDILAST project, no comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for medication management in end-of-life care were available.24 Many tools and guidelines are available to manage medication for the aged, for example, the Beers criteria,25 26 STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) criteria27 and the Medication Appropriateness Index.28 Meanwhile, the OncPal deprescribing guideline9 and Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in Frail adults with limited life expectancy (STOPPfrail)10 were published. Lindsay et al developed the OncPal deprescribing guideline to assist in discontinuation of specific medications or medication classes (like aspirin, dyslipidaemia medications and antihypertensives) in patients with advanced cancer.9 Lavan and colleagues10 published the STOPPfrail, a list of 27 criteria determined in a Delphi consensus survey. The criteria relate to medications that are potentially inappropriate in frail older patients with limited life expectancy and may assist physicians in deprescribing medications in these patients. Our Delphi study indicates that translation of these tools into practice as a deprescribing guideline will also need to address the other steps of the deprescribing process, like communication about treatment goals, planning medication withdrawal (tapering if required), monitoring and follow-up after cessation.
Experts in our study gave specific suggestions for research and development. Whereas a substantial part of medications in end-of-life care are prescribed for comorbid diseases,16 there is an urge for reflection on how to manage those medications at the end of life and to address this issue in treatment guidelines. Pharmacological guidelines rarely give any recommendations for discontinuation. Experts in our study suggested research investigating discontinuation or tapering off medications at the end of life under certain conditions, for example, in chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Koekkoek et al 29 give a good example of how to deal with oral anticonvulsants in the end of life of patients with glioma who develop swallowing difficulties. Although this applies to a very specific patient group, their suggestions could be extrapolated to other populations.
Conclusions
Experts in the field of medication management and end-of life care from 13 countries reached a high level of consensus on a number of important recommendations to improve medication management at the end of life. Key issues indicated by the experts concern the central role of the physician in medication management, necessity of awareness on medication management at the end of life; the need for education on medication management for healthcare workers and trainees; and the importance of communication with the patient and family in the process of medication management. These indications complement the elements provided in the existing tools for medication management. Research is needed to facilitate medication management in end-of-life care to develop a list of medications inappropriate in end-of-life care and incorporation of recommendations for end-of-life medication management in disease-specific guidelines. A best practice for medication management in end-of-life care including specific guidelines for particular medications and recommendations regarding decision making and communication should be elaborated.
Ethics approval
The study was reviewed by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the VU Medical Center and does not fall under the scope of the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. All participants provided informed consent and received written information about the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the international experts for their participation in this Delphi study: Meera Agar, Kevin Bain, Claudia Bausewein, Louise Bellersen, Eduardo Bruera, Marjolein Bannink, Massimo Costantini, Robert van Dongen, Dagny Faksvåg Haugen, Doron Garfinkel, Alexander de Graeff, Herbert Habets, Steven Handler, Joseph Hanlon, Deon Hayley, Holly Holmes, Carmel Hughes, Tiny Jaarsma, Paul Jansen, Daisy Janssen, Anne Mieke Karsch, Gerrit Kimsma, Raymond Koopmans, Rob Krol, Urška Lunder, Friedemann Nauck, Gert Olthuis, Rachel Riechelmann, James Stevenson, Vilma Tripodoro, Ragnhild Vrijaldenhoven-Haitsma and Zbigniew Zylicz. Their participation in this study does not necessarily mean that they fully agree with the final conclusions. We would like to thank Wim Dekkers for his contribution to the study.
References
Footnotes
Deceased Dr Roberto Perez died on 7 September 2017
Contributors All authors conceived the study. All authors contributed to the study planning and design. BH contributed to data collection. BH analysed and interpreted the data with input from RP, AvdH, LvZ, EG and MD. BH wrote the manuscript with input and feedback from RP, AvdH, LvZ, EG and MD.
Funding This research study was undertaken within the framework of the Medication Management in the Last Phase of Life project which is funded by a grant from the Dutch government (ZonMw 80-82100-98-210).
Disclaimer The opinions expressed are those of the authors. The funding party did not influence any aspect of the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.