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Abstract
Background Despite known advantages of advance care planning (ACP) and a positive attitude towards ACP by older people living in the community and general practitioners (GPs), such conversations are not yet commonplace in GP practices.
Aim To implement ACP as part of routine care in general practice and thereby increasing the number of ACP conversations and advance directives; to investigate characteristics of older people with and without an ACP conversation.
Methods (1) A pre-evaluation and post-evaluation study using questionnaire data from people aged 75 years or older living in the community. (2) A prospective study using data provided by healthcare professionals (people they started an ACP conversation with).
Results After implementation of ACP, significantly more people had spoken to their GP about hospitalisations, intensive care admission and treatment preferences in certain circumstances, compared with before. Advance directives were drawn up more often. People who had an ACP conversation were older, have had a cerebrovascular accident, had a clear idea about future health problems, had a preference to start ACP before they were ill, already had an ACP conversation at pre-measurement and indicated at pre-measurement that their GP knows their preferences.
Conclusion Results in number of ACP conversations and advance drectives were modest but positive. ACP was implemented as routine care. GPs select people with whom they have a conversation. This can be an efficient use of time, but there is a risk that certain groups may be underserved (for example, patients with multimorbidity or patients with less health skills).
- communication
- chronic conditions
- service evaluation
Data availability statement
Data are available in a public, open access repository. Data are available upon reasonable request. The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the DANS Easy repository, https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-z9r-2hbz.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Key messages
What was already known?
Systematic reviews have shown that implementation of ACP increases the completion of advance directives and improves consistency of care with patients’ goals in various populations.
Although prevalence of ACP increases with age, percentages remain low.
What are the new findings?
After implementation of ACP in routine (everyday) GP care, there was a rise in conversations between older people and their GP regarding hospitalisation, IC admission, and treatment preferences, compared with before.
People who were older, female, and had at least one diagnosis were offered or had a conversation with their GP more often.
What is their significance?
GPs should assess the readiness to engage in ACP, but ACP can be offered to every person and timely offers of ACP may stimulate people to engage more actively.
Background
Advance care planning (ACP) enables individuals to define goals and preferences for future medical treatment and care, to discuss these goals and preferences with family and healthcare providers, and to record and review these preferences if appropriate.1 Systematic reviews have shown that implementation of ACP increases the completion of advance directives and improves consistency of care with patients’ goals in various populations.2 3 Another review showed that 61%–91% of older people are willing to engage in ACP and that healthcare professionals see it as their professional responsibility to conduct ACP conversations.4 In the Netherlands, ACP is mentioned in several healthcare standards, guidelines and position papers from professional organisations.5–7
However, despite known advantages of ACP and a positive attitude towards ACP by older people living in the community and healthcare professionals including general practitioners (GPs), conversations are not yet commonplace in GP practices.8 It is also known that, although ACP can be initiated at any age and independent of illness/health, ACP is generally initiated late in the disease trajectory of patients and more often involves patients with cancer.9 Previous studies suggest differences in rates of ACP by ethnicity, level of education and social economic status.10–12 Although prevalence of ACP increases with age, percentages remain low.12 As people grow older, they are at a higher risk of having to make life-changing healthcare choices, and the balance between pros and cons of treatments may shift.
To improve uptake of ACP among people aged 75 years or older living in the community, primary care providers (PCPs; GPs, community nurses, certified nursing assistants, practice nurses) were trained in ACP and received support during implementation (see box 1). Primary target of the project was to embed ACP in routine clinical practice. This paper describes results from the study that accompanied implementation. The authors address the following questions:
Is there an increase in ACP conversations after implementation, compared with before?
Is there an increase in advance directives after implementation, compared with before?
With which older people do PCPs start ACP conversations?
Content of the advance care planning (ACP) implementation project
Background: In our project, we draw on experiences with ACP in West Friesland. They successfully implemented an ACP project there, and we wanted to broaden the scope of that project to the provinces of North Holland and Flevoland. After literature study and interviews with experts, the materials were adapted.
Recruitment: Participating organisations (10 general practitioner (GP) practices and 2 care homes) reacted to a call within local networks of organisations involved in palliative care to participate in an implementation study on ACP. The two care homes contacted the GP practices involved in the care for their inhabitants, and asked the GP practices to take part in the implementation study.
Structure of the intervention: Patients have a first conversation with a home care nurse, a certified nursing assistant or with the practice nurse. This can either be pretty basic, just to introduce ACP and ask the patient to make an appointment with their GP, or more elaborate. Subsequent conversations are with the GP. All the primary care providers (PCPs) involved in our project are regular care providers of the patients, so no new people were introduced with the delivery of ACP.
Implementation: The intervention was partly predefined and partly tailored. Before implementation, the PCPs received training and materials in writing. For nurses and nursing assistants, there was training of three afternoons, for GPs the training was on two evenings. The training consisted of background information on ACP (including timing and target group), aspects of communication and role-play. The materials in writing included among others, a manual with background information on ACP, tips for the conversation (such as questions to ask and ways to react to certain statements), a form to register patient preferences and a roadmap for delivery of ACP (from patient selection to transfer of information and moments to repeat the conversation). The intervention delivered to patients was largely at the discretion of practices, PCPs decided with which patients they wanted to have ACP conversations and which professional would have the ACP conversations with the patient and carers. The implementation process was supported by site visits (face-to-face meeting 1–1.5 hours held in the practice or care home, every 3 months) by an implementation facilitator who was part of the research team. Content of these visits was tailored according to interests and needs. To guide implementation, the Advance Care Planning-Service Evaluation Tool was used.24 This tool identified ACP progress over time across three stages of Establishment, Consolidation and Sustainability within model domains of governance, documentation, practice, education, quality improvement and community engagement.
Methods
Design and population
This is a pre-evaluation and post-evaluation using questionnaire data from people aged 75 years or older living in the community enlisted with participating organisations and a prospective study using data provided by PCPs. ACP was implemented in 10 GP practices and 2 care homes (see box 1). Almost all Dutch residents are registered with a GP, who functions as a gatekeeper for more specialised forms of care. Our target group exists of (1) all older people living in the community enlisted within the participating GP practice who are aged 75 years or older, and (2) all inhabitants of designated wings/divisions of the participating care homes.
Procedure
Before implementation, a list was drawn up of all people aged 75 years or older in the GP practice or care home on 01 January 2017 (see figure 1). Also, we asked for the age and sex of all people on the list, and some basic information on diagnoses. On this list, the PCP made a note of people with whom they started an ACP conversation until 14 months after start of implementation: the ACP-Monitor. Our initial plan was to monitor both the offer of ACP and the actual conversation separate, but that was not consistently registered, so we chose to combine the information.
Design of the study. ACP, advance care planning; GP, general practitioner.
Questionnaires were sent to all people aged 75 years or older within the GP practice or care home (the same people as on the ACP-Monitor). The first questionnaire was sent before implementation of ACP (February–March 2017), the second was sent approximately 14 months later (April–July 2018). The questionnaire was developed for this study and contained structured questions about experiences with ACP, communication with healthcare providers, relation with proxy, healthcare status and demographics. The questionnaires were piloted on a small sample of respondents to ascertain that the questions were clearly formulated and relevant. The first page of the questionnaire provided information about the study, those responses would be anonymised, and whether or not a questionnaire was returned would not have any impact on the care they receive from their PCP. Also, contact information of the main researcher was included.
Data analyses
Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the characteristics of respondents (older people who filled in both questionnaires). Pre-test and post-test differences in ACP conversations and advance directives were analysed in logistic analyses and logistic multilevel analyses. To assess the difference between the logistic regression model and the logistic multilevel model (which model better described the data), the Χ2 likelihood-ratio test was used.
For research question 3, a new dichotomous variable ‘ACP conversation’ was derived from the following series of questions that were included in both the pre-questionnaire and post-questionnaire:
During the last 12 months, have you thought and/or talked about:
Whether or not you would like to go to the hospital under certain circumstances?
Whether or not you would like to be admitted to intensive care (IC)?
Whether or not you would like to be admitted to a nursing home?
Where you would like to die?
Which treatments you would and would not like to receive in certain circumstances?
For all topics, seven options were provided: (a) thought about it, (b) talked to my GP about it, (c) talked to a doctor (other than the GP), (d) talked to another healthcare provider, (e) talked to someone else (not a healthcare provider), (f) I have recorded it, (g) none of these answers. Respondents could indicate ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for all of these options. If the person had ‘talked to my GP’ on any of the five topics, an ACP conversation with the GP has taken place (resulting in a dichotomous variable for ‘ACP conversation’). This was done for the pre-measurement and post-measurement.
Using ‘ACP conversation’ at post-measurement as an outcome variable, a regression model was fitted. First, variables were tested bivariately. All significant variables were then entered in a backward logistic multilevel regression procedure to investigate which items would remain significant (removal at p>0.10). All analyses were conducted with Stata SE V.16.
Results
Non-response analyses and characteristics of respondents
A total of 2292 persons were included on the Monitor list (online supplemental file 1). The mean age was 82 years and 59% were women. The people who filled in both questionnaires (n=458; 20%) were younger, more often had (an offer of) an ACP conversation, and more often were community dwelling (as opposed to living in a care home) compared with the people who did not fill in both questionnaires. Conversations were offered to or started with 26% (n=597) of people on the Monitor list. Compared with people with no conversations, conversations were more often offered or started with women (64% vs 57%), with older people (83 years vs 81 years) and with people who had at least one diagnosis (95% vs 88%) (online supplemental file 2). There was no difference in home-dwelling people and people living in a care home with regard to (the offer of) an ACP conversation.
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Table 1 shows background characteristics of the respondents who filled in both questionnaires. A majority (61.6%) of people did not have a clear idea about future health problems that they might face. When asked about the preferred timing of ACP conversations, a very small portion of people answered ‘never’ (4.4%). The preferred timing showed a gradual incline from before illness (23.0%), to the time of diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening illness (33.3%), to the moment that a cure was no longer possible (43.7%).
Characteristics of respondents who filled in both questionnaires (2017–2018), n (%)
ACP conversations and advance directives
After implementation of ACP, more people had spoken to their GP about hospitalisations (OR 1.66 (1.18 to 2.32)), IC admission (OR 2.12 (1.40 to 3.22)) and treatment preferences in certain circumstances (OR 2.01 (1.42 to 2.84)), compared with before (online supplemental file 3). Written statements saw a rise after implementation compared with before with regard to hospitalisation (OR 1.84 (1.33 to 2.55)), IC admission (OR 1.89 (1.30 to 2.73)), preferred place of death (OR 2.15 (1.20 to 3.84)) and treatment preferences (OR 1.58 (1.14 to 2.20)). People spoke to other healthcare professionals more often about admission to a nursing home (OR 4.11 (1.36 to 12.38)) and treatment preferences (OR 1.81 (1.03 to 2.77)). There was a decline in people who thought about IC admission (OR 0.59 (0.44 to 0.79)) or treatment preferences (OR 0.64 (0.47 to 0.87)) after implementation compared with before. With regard to nursing home admission, there was a rise in people who answered ‘none of the above’ (they had neither thought about it, spoken about or made a written statement about it) (OR 1.45 (1.10 to 1.92)) after implementation compared with before. On none of the five topics, there was a difference in the number of people who had spoken to someone else (not the GP or other healthcare professional) after implementation compared with before.
Supplemental material
Looking at specific treatments and interventions, the following were discussed with the GP more often after implementation: resuscitation (OR 1.96 (1.44 to 2.65)); mechanical ventilation (OR 2.72 (1.59 to 4.66)); artificial hydration or nutrition (OR 3.97 (2.11 to 7.46)); euthanasia (OR 1.81 (1.36 to 2.41)), and the answer ‘none of the above’ was given less often (OR 0.56 (0.43 to 0.73)) compared with before implementation. Advance directives were drawn up more often (OR 1.54 (1.18 to 2.00)), more specific the form that was part of the implementation toolkit (OR 3.88 (2.39 to 6.31)), do-not-resuscitate orders (OR 1.48 (1.05 to 2.07)) and appointment of a proxy (OR 1.48 (1.12 to 1.96)). The partner was more often appointed as proxy after implementation (OR 1.48 (1.12 to 1.96)), compared with before.
In 26 out of 50 variables, the model better described the data if GP practice was taken into account, indicating that there was variation in implementation of ACP between participating organisations (in statistical terms; the model with random intercept performed better compared with the model without, according to the likelihood-ratio test). This was the case especially in models concerning the communication between the GP and the older person and communication between the older person and others.
Table 2 shows with which older people PCPs had ACP conversations (research question 3).
Characteristics of respondents who did or did not have an ACP conversation after implementation of ACP
Discussion
After implementation of ACP, there was a rise in conversations between older people and their GP regarding hospitalisation, IC admission and treatment preferences, compared with before. Resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, artificial hydration or nutrition, and euthanasia were discussed with the GP more often after implementation, compared with before. In addition, treatment preferences and admission to a nursing home were discussed more often with other professionals after implementation, compared with before. Advance directives were drawn up more often. Older people more often had an ACP conversation after implementation when they were older, have had a cerebrovascular accident, had a clear idea about future health problems at the pre-measurement, had a preference to start with ACP before illness, already had an ACP conversation before implementation and indicated at pre-measurement that their GP already knew what their preferences were. There was variation in implementation of ACP between participating organisations.
The good news is that it is possible to implement ACP in routine primary care. The implementation efforts lead to a higher number of conversations on care preferences between older people and their GP. In the review by Glaudemans et al,8 the prevalence of conversations in GP practices ranged from 21% of PCPs having ACP discussions with the general elderly population to 69% having ACP discussions with terminal patients and 81% with patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Compared with the percentages related to specific patient groups, the percentage of 26% is rather modest. However, in our study all patients aged 75 years or older were included. In older populations, the prevalence of advance directives and/or ACP is generally lower; we found rates between 3.2% for people aged 65 years or older in primary care in Australia, 12.6% for people aged 90 years or older who came to UK hospitals with a medical emergency, and 10% for Dutch people aged 61 years or older.12–14 In a meta-analysis on interventions targeting advance directive completion in primary care, completion rates in the intervention groups ranged from 1% to 70%, with 10 studies showing rates lower than 25% and 8 studies showing higher rates than 25%.15
However, the intervention appeared to have limited success in encouraging people to discuss preferences with other healthcare professionals and others (such as family). Also, the topics of ACP were highly medicalised, with a high rise in mechanical ventilation and artificial hydration or nutrition being discussed after implementation (compared with before). Topics like nursing home admission and preferred place of death were less likely to be discussed. This was probably due to the form that PCPs received as part of the implementation toolkit, which prominently featured medical topics and interventions. This form was an adaptation of the forms used in the precursor of this project which mainly involved people in the care home. However, the population in care homes show more signs of frailty and are in lesser health than patients in the community. In line with comments we received from participating PCPs, we thoroughly revised the form. The current version starts with questions on what is important to the patient, relation with family and living situation. This is also in line with the suggestion by Combes et al that ACP should be reframed as something that promotes living well now as well as planning for the future, since this relates more readily to older people’s daily lives.16
GPs make a selection in people they have conversations with. From the ACP-Monitor it became clear that people who were older, female, and had at least one diagnosis were offered or had a conversation more often. This selection makes sense in view of readiness to engage in ACP.17 18 Research has shown that the most common reason people give for not discussing end-of-life preferences is not that they feel uncomfortable about it, but that death is something far into the future.13 19 20 From the questionnaires it was seen that people who already had an ACP conversation before implementation and indicated at the pre-measurement that the GP knew their preferences were also more likely to have an ACP conversation after implementation. This is in line with ACP as a process instead of a single conversation, and it may also be seen as a time-efficient way to spend limited GP time; to (first) start a conversation with those in your GP practice who seem open to ACP or have already had past experience with ACP. However, a point of attention may be to encourage GPs to engage ‘less likely’ people as well since 60% of their patients are open to ACP. We are about to implement a community-based intervention to promote end-of-life preparation and discussion among older people by organising presentations by healthcare professionals. We hope this will raise awareness and stimulate attendees to talk to family and their GP about their preferences, as has happened in another community intervention.19
Strengths and limitations of this study
This was a pragmatic implementation study, and participating organisations were self-selected and motivated to implement ACP. ACP is a complex intervention, and results of the implementation process will be ‘interwoven’ with characteristics of the participating organisations21 as was highlighted by the results of the multilevel analyses. Attention to practice-differences and ‘couleur locale’ will improve implementation.22 23
The response rate made it possible to select patients who answered both the pre-implementation and post-implementation questionnaire, making our analyses more robust. It is likely that our results were biased: (1) selection bias because those who were less comfortable talking about future health problems may have been less likely to engage in ACP (as mentioned above in light of GP selection of patients), and (2) response bias as the same people may be less likely to complete the questionnaire.
Conclusion
Implementation of ACP is possible in everyday GP care. PCPs make a selection in people with whom they have a conversation. Although some aspects of selection such as attention to the readiness to engage in ACP may be good, a point of attention should be that ACP can be offered to every person and timely offers of ACP may stimulate people to engage more actively.
Data availability statement
Data are available in a public, open access repository. Data are available upon reasonable request. The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the DANS Easy repository, https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-z9r-2hbz.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
The Medical Ethics Review Committee of VU University Medical Centre has judged that the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) does not apply to this study and that an official approval of the study by our committee is not required. The participants choosing to respond to the questionnaires implied their consent to participate in the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank M de Wit-Rijnierse, M Eliel, W Schuijlenburg, R van Beest, M Klinkenberg, D van den Berg, D Willems, J Tijhaar, M Laros and P Appeldoorn for their participation in the project group. The authors are grateful to the healthcare professionals and patients who participated in this study.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Presented at Preliminary findings of this study have been presented at the ACP-i conference in March 2019.
Contributors BO-P and AvdP made the study design. AvdP did the analyses of data. BO-P and AvdP interpreted the results. AvdP drafted the manuscript, which was discussed with and critically revised by BO-P and JG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding The authors would like to thank ZonMw (project 844001211) for financial support.
Disclaimer The funding agencies did not participate in the design or conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis or interpretation of the data; in the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.